There are waves similar to those on the ocean. Rock avalanches originate on over-steepened slopes in weak rocks. They’re compressional or longitudinal waves that push and pull the ground in the direction the wave is traveling. 2 Direct damage is measured first in physical terms. Magnitude is a measure of the release of energy at the earthquake’s source. Look for examples to help explain. Stronger Vibration will lead to the collapse of more buildings and infrastructure which in turn results in more casualties and damage. Earthquakes are often thought of as largely unpredictable, wholly natural forces of … Lost your password? Environmental Hazards and remedial measures. S waves arrive next and cause a structure to vibrate from side to side. Flow failures, consisting of liquefied soil or blocks of intact material riding on a layer of liquefied soil, are the most catastrophic type of ground failure caused by liquefaction. It’s a good starting point for you to get acquainted with earthquake damage and things you can do to prevent it. Though the quake lasted less than a minute, its immediate impact was disastrous. Distance. Ppt Earthquakes Plate Tectonics Powerpoint Ation Id 5359161. Liquefaction is restricted to certain geologic and hydrologic environments, mainly areas where sands and silts were deposited in the last 10,000 years and where ground water is within 30 feet of the surface. In land-use zoning and earthquake resistant design, knowledge of the amplitude, frequency composition, and the time duration of ground shaking is needed. Why might and earthquake do more damage at 8.30am than at 11pm? The amount of damage done during an earthquake depends on whether the plates do tension, compression or shearing. Such knowledge is needed to predict ground motions in future earthquakes so that earthquake-resistant structures can be designed. Their magnitude (the amount of energy released by the earthquake, which effects the energy of the seismic waves and the damage they can cause, whereby the … It may cover increased costs to meet current building codes and costs to stabilize the land under your home. Local geologic conditions: The nature of the ground at the surface of an earthquake can have a profound influence on the level of damage. Damage to these types of structures has ranged from minor to very severe. The dimensions and orientation of the fault and the characteristics of rapid slippage along it during an earthquake. This is to get them thinking about the role of magnitude in fatalities. Geologic processes damage homes in Utah every year. As would be the case after any natural disaster, water-borne illness could run rampant and chemicals and oil could leak out of damaged storage facilities as a result of the magnitude 7.0 earthquake that ripped apart Haiti on Jan. 12. Contaminated Water The stronger the earthquake, the more damage it can do Earthquakes occurring close to the surface are more damaging than underground earthquakes An earthquake that hits an area of high population density could inflict more damage than the ones on area of low population density. Some of the common impacts of earthquakes include structural damage to buildings, fires, damage to bridges and highways, initiation of slope failures, liquefaction, and tsunami. A flood insurance policy would cover both of these events, as well as damage caused by a sewer or drain backup that was a result of an earthquake. Surface Faulting. Fires are a major source of damage after earthquakes. "A discussion of major types of natural disasters, including descriptions of some of the most destructive; explanations of these phenomena, what causes them, and where they occur; and information about how to prepare for and survive these ... Most fault displacement is confined to a narrow zone ranging from 6 to 1,000 feet in width, but separate subsidiary fault ruptures may occur 2 to 3 miles from the main fault. According to Richter Magnitude Scale, an earthquake of magnitude 7 is considered as a major earthquake. Environmental, Economic and Social Factors affected by Earthquakes Economic factors: Short Term - Shops and other businesses can be destroyed and that may lead to looting where looter steal money and other goods from unsecured homes and shops. Soil type and site classifications. Surface faulting is the differential movement of the two sides of a fracture at the … Factors Affecting Degree of Earthquake Damages to Buildings, Deviation Between Design and Actual Response Spectrum, Asymmetric Arrangement of Stiffness Element in Plan, Damages of Structures due to Previous Earthquakes, Reinforced Concrete Buildings with Frame Structural System, Location of Adjacent Buildings in the Block, Laser Crack Measurement System for Pavements – Application and Advantages, Geotechnical Subsurface Explorations – Purpose, Factors and Stages. Some earthquakes are just bigger than others. The National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program (NEHRP) defined six different site classifications, based on the type of soil and rock in the area and their shear-wave velocity: 1 A: hard rock (igneous rock). Flow failures usually form in loose saturated sands or silts on slopes greater than 3 degrees. The motion of any point is circular. Death and injuries from surface faulting are very unlikely, but casualties can occur indirectly through fault damage to structures. Compare and contrast earthquake magnitude and intensity and he scales used to measure each. But China has experienced more than its fair share of earthquake … Found inside – Page 7Characteristics of earthquakes and other natural hazards that affect their insurability include where and when they occur , the types of damages they cause , the average and largest possible losses they cause , and the predictability of ... Learn the failure mechanisms that destroy homes during earthquakes, check if yours is prone to any of them, and get help. Fig.1: Failure of Buildings Due to Earthquakes, Fig.4: Flexible ground floor of multi storey structure which could cause structural failure during earthquake, Fig.5: Soft storey problem during earthquake. Researching potential problems, known as site investigation, is a good first step in reducing damage to the built environment due to earthquakes. Introduction to Earthquake Engineering Instructor: Engr. Found inside – Page 854A strong damage could be caused by earthquake, especially for transportation infrastructure, and it makes the ... Affect. the. Scheduling. of. Emergency. Materials. [14]. (1) Geographical Factors Earthquake tend to make great impact on ... Garden South Landslide, St. George, Utah. The ground also has a specific resonant frequency. These failures commonly move several tens of feet and, if geometric conditions permit, several tens of miles. Deviation between design and actual response spectrum, Asymmetric arrangement of stiffness element in plan, Reinforced concrete building with a frame structural system, Location of adjacent buildings in the block. Earthquake insurance can cover the costs of damage done to your home as well as the personal belongings inside your home in the wake of an earthquake. Found inside – Page 76DEGREES OF DAMAGE AND DAMAGE RATIOS fan which collapsed or were seriously damaged . ... The long period ground motion caused this building damage , but it did not adversely affect the short period contents within them . A t 0058 GMT on 26 December 2004, a massive earthquake of magnitude 9.0 struck the coastal area off northern Sumatra in Indonesia. One of the most spectacular examples occurred during the 1970 Peruvian earthquake when a single rock avalanche killed more than 18,000 people; a similar, but less spectacular, failure in the 1959 Hebgen Lake, Montana, earthquake resulted in 26 deaths. ... Volcanic pollution can affect … Found insideThis handbook contains up-to-date existing structures, computer applications, and infonnation on planning, analysis, and design seismic design of wood structures. Found inside – Page 5-138Ground Shaking Because it affects a much broader area , ground shaking , rather than surface fault rupture , is the cause of the most damage during earthquakes . Three major factors affect the severity ( intensity ) of ground shaking at ... Below that depth, rocks are too hot and ductile, so they tend to bend and flow rather than break in a brittle manner. Breaks of water mains hampered efforts to fight the fire that ignited during the earthquake. a) What is Liquefaction? Earthquakes cause basically 2 types of waves in the land. All of these countries were located on or near an earthquake zone. The damage has been monetary, emotional, and has taken many lives. (See Determining the Depth of an Earthquake.) The Watts Towers are a National Historic Landmark consisting of 17 interconnected structures built by one artist, Simon Rodia, between 1921 and 1955. The most common type of observed ground-water response is an instantaneous water-level offset, or step, which may be either an increase or a decrease and may occur near or far from the epicenter. Liquefaction takes place when seismic shear waves pass through a saturated granular soil layer, distort its granular structure, and cause some of the void spaces to collapse. Many factors can affect the amount of damage. Unlike regular ocean tides, tsunamis are not caused by the tidal action of the Moon and Sun. An earthquake is more likely to cause greater damage and greater loss of life at night time. This book reviews existing research on the Loma Prieta quake and draws from it practical lessons that could be applied to other earthquake-prone areas of the country. The Great Hanshin Earthquake Disaster of 1995 was one of the worst in Japan’s history, killing 6,433 people and causing more than $100 billion in damages. The greater an earthquakes magnitude, the more it can damage infrastructure. When the benefit-cost analysis is utilized, a very small number for expected benefits may result, even though an earthquake occurs, and the reduction in damage could be enormous. effects on the natural environment that also can cause tremendous damage to the built environment (buildings, transportation lines and structures, communications lines, and utilities). Figure 1. Shallow debris slides forming on steep slopes and soil and rock slumps and block slides forming on moderate to steep slopes also take place, but they are less abundant. Christchurch, New Zealand 2011. Much larger earthquakes can be expected to occur adjacent to many metropolitan regions in … Generally, the younger and looser the sediment and the higher the water table, the more susceptible a soil is to liquefaction. The failures at Seward, Alaska, during the 1964 earthquake are an example. Some of the common impacts of earthquakes include structural damage to buildings, fires, damage to bridges and highways, initiation of slope failures, liquefaction, and tsunami. The types of impacts depend to a large degree on where the earthquake is located: whether it is predominantly urban or rural, densely or sparsely populated, highly ... Flow failures can originate either underwater or on land. Read these tips for Being Prepared for an Earthquake provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Horizontal movements on lateral spreads commonly are as much as 10 to 15 feet, but, where slopes are particularly favorable and the duration of ground shaking is long, lateral movement may be as much as 100 to 150 feet. Major Factors that determine intensity in Earthquakes: Intensity is used to describe the damage by an earthquake. It measure the effect on people, structures and the natural environment. Recent earthquakes demonstrated the risks to modern industrial societies from such cataclysmic events, affecting everything from massive loss of life, infrastructure damage, and financial instability. No data point selected. Earthquake Hazard, Risk, and Disasters presents the latest scientific developments and reviews of research addressing seismic hazard and seismic risk, including causality rates, impacts on society, preparedness, insurance and mitigation. The types of impacts depend to a large degree on where the earthquake is located: whether it is predominantly urban or rural, densely or sparsely populated, highly developed or underdeveloped, and of course on the ability of the … Country Ground shaking causes destruction mainly in the vicinity of the causative fault, but tsunamis cause destruction both locally and at very distant locations from the area of tsunami generation. 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